Holyrood Abbey: Edinburgh Old Town

Founded by King David I in 1128

Holyrood Abbey

The History of Holyrood Abbey

Holyrood Abbey, founded by King David I in 1128, stands in the grounds of the Palace of Holyroodhouse, part of the Royal Collection Trust, and the occasional home to the queen and other members of the royal family when they are in Edinburgh.

Like much of Scotland’s history from that period the motivation behind the abbey’s establishment is rooted in legend and superstition.

King David I, hunting in the ancient forest of Dremel was suddenly charged by a large stag. Thrown from his horse he tumbled to the ground raising his arms in protection from the antlers as he fell. Instead of piercing antlers he clutched a cross (rood). That night he dreamt that a religious house should be built on the spot of his miraculous escape.

While this version of the story of the abbey’s origin is widely quoted there is also another more intriguing version. David founded the abbey in honour of a golden cross, containing part of the ‘true cross’ owned by his mother Margaret who was the wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland. A chapel built by David memory of his mother around 1130 within the grounds of Edinburgh Castle, in is the oldest building in Edinburgh

Canongate

Holyrood Abbey was built outside Edinburgh’s city walls in an area that became known as the Canongate, named after the Augustinian canons. This ancient thoroughfare which only became part of Scotland’s capital in the 19th century, survives today as one section of the Royal Mile which runs from Edinburgh Castle to the site of the Abbey of Holyrood.

Palace of Holyroodhouse

During his reign David, who earned the epithet “Saint David” for his lavish gifts to the church, also established the great Cistercian abbeys at Melrose and Newbattle and the Augustinian abbey at Jedburgh. It’s also believed that he founded the Augustinian abbey at Cambuskenneth near Stirling, although the original charter has never been found.

David’s devotion was clearly shown in the generous conditions contained in the original Latin charter, which allowed the canons of the Church of the Castle “leave to establish a burgh between that church and my burgh [Edinburgh].”

Church of the castle

The use of the name “Church of the Castle” in the charter raises an interesting point of discussion. Respected Scottish historian David Daiches speculated that, “The Abbey of Holyrood may first have had a brief existence at the foot of the (Edinburgh) Castle Rock.”

The king’s choice of first abbot was perhaps a natural one, a man he had grown to trust, his own confessor Alkwine who held the abbacy until his death in 1150.

A visit to Holyrood Abbey

When a young Felix Mendelssohn visited in 1829, he noted that the abbey’s chapel, little more than a ruin, had lost its roof and was overgrown with grass and ivy. Everything, he said was ruined, decayed and open to the sky.

In 1995 Historic Scotland began a small scale archaeological dig which produced some excellent results including some human remains, interred in what a medieval cemetery was dating to the 14th century.

Among the debris was broken window glass and the cames that held it in place, almost certainly the result of King Edward II of England’s attack in 1322 during Scotland’s bloody Wars of Independence.

Holyroodhouse and abbey c. 1789

Edward had brought a large army north to Scotland but Robert Bruce’s policy of clearing the land of any sources of food worked well, forcing Edward’s hungry army to retreat south. However in the words Fordun, not before Edward’s army, “Sacked and plundered the monasteries of Holyrood in Edinburgh and Melrose…”

John of Fordun

It’s worth digressing for a moment to briefly look at the role of John of Fordun in the chronicling of Scottish history. Although he is widely regarded as providing an invaluable service in the telling of Scotland’s early story his historical fact is almost certainly mixed with a dash of myth and folklore.

For example Fordun talks of the sacking and plundering of Holyrood Abbey but either considerable rebuilding took place over the following years or the damage was less than described, for Robert Bruce held a parliament at the Abbey in 1327.

Bannatyne Club

In the search for more authoritative sources, historical researchers must be grateful to Sir Walter Scott and the Bannatyne Club, an organisation established in 1823 to print rare works of Scottish interest.

Some of the early Scottish charters, many of them re-discovered by the Bannatyne Club were re-interpreted in the light of more contemporary information providing significant detail relating to the development of the abbey.

Other valuable sources added to the picture. In 1329, the year Robert the Bruce died, the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland show two grants to Holyrood Abbey: one for kitchen utensils and one for wine. It’s an easy one to treat simply as mere housekeeping but combined with other contextual evidence, the Exchequer Roll entries are key to a better understanding of what life was like within the abbey walls.

Edward I

In 1296 the abbey survived the unwelcome attentions of another English king intent on maximum destruction in Scotland. The Scots, finding common ground with the French had signed the “Auld Alliance” an agreement designed to put a stop English expansion. The treaty between two of England’s greatest enemies brought an immediate and belligerent response from its king.

Determined to ‘deal’ with the Scots, Edward I sent his army north. Following three days of destruction and slaughter at Berwick, Edward’s army moved on to Dunbar where it easily defeated the Scots.

As castles, including the great hilltop fortress at Edinburgh, and religious houses fell to the advancing forces, it was a pragmatic Abbot Adam who swore an oath of fealty to Edward in the abbey’s chapter house, a few stones of which remain today. In return Edward guaranteed the safety of the monastery and its surrounding lands.

James IV

It was James IV, Scotland’s renaissance king, who first began the process of converting the abbey into a royal palace. By the time he married Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII in 1503, Holyrood had developed into a substantial palace more suitable for its royal residents.